Managing Conflict in Relationships Essay - 2473 Words

Managing and Resolving Conflicts in a relationship Sonia Pabon Kaplan Institute Interpersonal Communication Mr. Muliken November 26, 2012 The topic that I have chosen to discuss throughout this paper is Managing and Resolving Conflicts in a Relationship. This topic is very important to me simply because, I personally see a lot of relationships failing, including some of mines due to lack of resolving and managing conflicts correctly. By the end of this paper I hope that I have helped the reader understand and eliminate any conflicts that confront their everyday lives. Many relationships and about fifty-five percent of marriages end because of unresolved conflicts. Most of the time these relationships fail because people forget†¦show more content†¦Conflict need not be catastrophic or personal conflicts are simply part of being human. Deal with issues as they arise, avoiding conflict makes situations worse. Time does not resolve matters instead it decreases the chance of a positive outcome. Attempt to understand the other persons point of view because dismissing the others views, assigning blame, and exclusive focus on your own perspective are all counterproductive. Do not judge emotions, no ones feelings are more or less â€Å"right† than the other. Emotions reflect a valid perspective of an individual even if you dont understand it; acknowledge the other persons reaction as important. Focus on the behavior, situation or problem area without attacking the person involved. Do not assume your values or beliefs are â€Å"right†, they reflect a view of the world from your unique perspective. Respecting anothers viewpoint as equally valuable opens an opportunity for learning and growth (Lifetips moving up in life, 2000). Handling conflict is a skill which can be learned. It requires practice, discipline and self-control. In the midst of conflict, most people forget the overall goal in addressing the conflict: Having your partner understand your feelings and resolving the disagreement. The more a couple can keep this goal in mind the less likely either will engage in criticism, yelling or name-calling. These behaviors only fuel the conflict (Managing Conflict in Your Relationship,Show MoreRelatedManaging Conflict With Employees With Conflict And Improve Relationships At Work2010 Words   |  9 PagesManaging conflict with coworkers doesn t have to be difficult. In this article are eight simple rules that should both help you deal with conflict and improve your relationships at work. Rule 1: See conflict as an opportunity Your perception of conflict has a direct impact on how it plays out in your life. If you embrace conflict and see it as an opportunity to better a situation or a relationship, then you ll take on the challenge of seeing the confrontation through, regardless of how difficultRead MoreJan Ken: Managing Conflict in Relationships Essay1691 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Jan Ken: Managing Conflict in Relationships Unit 9 Assignment Marie Holloway Kaplan University Author Note: This research is being submitted on March 11, 2014 for Mark Lambertson’s CM206 Interpersonal Communications course. Q #1: Using the chapters on language and emotions to help frame your answer, suggest two ways that Ken could open this conversation more productively, beyond clearly expressing his emotions and using â€Å"I† language. Ken could have usedRead MoreThe Strategies For Managing Interpersonal Conflicts, And How Emotions And Nonverbal Communication Can Affect A Relationship1705 Words   |  7 Pagesyour situation being that I just finished taking a course on interpersonal communication. Communication is very important in any type of relationship. Marriage is built on having effective communication with your partner. This letter will explain the strategies for managing interpersonal conflicts, and how emotions and nonverbal communication can affect a relationship. I am excited to share with you some of the things I have learned. Principles of Effective InterpersonalRead MoreEssay on Conflict and Communication 1267 Words   |  6 PagesConflict and Communication Conflict can happen anytime of your life, it will happen matter you want it or not. In addition, it can have both negative and positive impacts for our relationship (Gudykunst, 2004). According to Yi-Feng 2007, she mentions that conflict is â€Å"incompatible activities, where one person’s actions are interfering, obstructing, or in other ways making the behavior of another less effective†. In term of nature of conflict, conflict is a cause which happens by threatened humanRead MoreConflict Management : The Styles And Outcomes Of Managing Conflict1541 Words   |  7 PagesConflict Management: The Styles and Outcomes of Managing Conflict in Modern Society Corbin Metz University of Oklahoma Communication is an obligatory aspect for the existence of human life. In our society today, conflict is managed through various styles, some leading to more positive outcomes than others. Although many people attempt to not confront conflict and rather avoid the issue, which may cause it to worsen, it is an aspect that every person willRead MoreChallenges in Interpersonal Relationships976 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Challenges in Interpersonal Relationship Class 101 Laura Lyles COM 200 Interpersonal Communication Kenneth Newton April 8, 2013 Challenges In Interpersonal Relationship Class 101 Dear Jace and Kelli, I am thrilled to know that you are taking this class in Interpersonal Relationship. This class is to strengthen and empower you two as a couple as you embark on your new transition of becoming a married couple. Many areas will be covered in this class.Read MoreInterpersonal Communication Theories And Concepts1686 Words   |  7 Pagesdeal with many different aspect of communication like mindfulness, subjective self- awareness, openness, and social learning theory. The next theory will be Conflict Management Skills which deals with interpersonal conflict, interdependent, conflict trigger, constructive, and destructive conflict. The finally theory will be Managing Relationship Challenges which deals with active verbal responses, emotional or affective jealousy, repair and rejuvenation, fading away, and grave-dressing phase. FurthermoreRead More Human Resource Management Essay example1709 Words   |  7 PagesThe Employment relationship is the only reason public and private limited organisations work effectively. The Employment relationship is a fragile tie between an employer â€Å"management† and employee â€Å"worker†. This relationship can be affected by 3 factors which are interests, control and motivation. Employers have to balance these factors in order to maintain a productive working relationship. Employment relationship works like any other relationship, commitment is required from both sides. InRead MoreConflict Resolution Strategies Essay1444 Words   |  6 PagesConflict Resolution Strategies Conflict has long been viewed as negative, and is usually associated with things as trivial as an argument to something as extreme as war, and is seldom seen as beneficial. In the team environment however, conflict can be very beneficial if recognized early and managed properly and can enhance team performance as well as relationships between team members. Conflict is inevitable as humans interact, because not everyone shares the same beliefs, values, opinions, levelRead MoreCompanies Must Mentor Relationships and Manage Conflicts Essay1172 Words   |  5 PagesManaging conflict and how it will undoubtingly affect the long-term success of your career. Understanding the five areas of the mentoring relationship becomes vital for all employees when effectively managing conflict. The next competency of leveraging diversity is just as important as being able to manage conflict. In leveraging diversity one must â€Å"foster an inclusive workplace where diversity and individual differences are valued and leveraged to achieve the vision and mission of the organization†

Does Sex and Violence on Television Have a Negative Effect on Children Free Essays

Does sex and violence on television have negative effects on children? The issue that I am addressing is the effect of sex and violence in the media on children. As long as there has been television, there has been an association made between media and violence – children who repeated what they saw on cartoons leading to their death, teenagers injured while emulating a popular movie, and mass killings blamed on video games. Primarily this relationship has been assumed to be causal with television being the assumed central cause in violent or risky behavior. We will write a custom essay sample on Does Sex and Violence on Television Have a Negative Effect on Children? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Once you begin delving into the roots of violent and risky behavior, however, the association between modeled violence and expressed violence becomes less and less obvious. Violence in society in general is complicated and requires unpacking so that each aspect of the roots of violence can be analyzed and ultimately discussed in a meaningful way, including acknowledging that the origins are just as layered and complex as the solutions. Summary of Internet Information I began looking into various studies and articles about violence in media to see what kind of information was already available on the subject. There were a number of points of view represented, however, none of them outright dismissed that there was some relationship between sex and violence in the media and violent behavior. The studies also generally agreed that the complexities of violent behavior may potentially be ultimately unknowable because of that complexity. What may drive one person to violence may have little to no effect on another or the level of exposure to images of sex and violence in combination with other influences, including parental and peer attitudes towards sex and violence, may be a stronger relationship than media influence alone. The article â€Å"It’s not all sex and violence† by Agustin Fuentes set the tone for how I came to look at my research because it brought up the important point that sex and violence are over emphasized in modern culture and can give the false impression that sex and violence are at the very center of every human motivation rather than showing the reality that sex and violence are merely two aspects of the human experience, rather than central or common. The topics are scintillating and therefore more discussed. I also included research done to determine the effect of three safe sex campaigns run on Netherlands television during the mid-1990’s in order to see if there were positive messages that were also being sent on television about sex and sexual behavior (â€Å"Can public campaigns effectively change psychological determinants of safer sex? †), an evaluation of three Dutch campaigns that determined that the campaigns were successful in their goals of increasing safe sex practices in the Netherlands. I wanted to see if positive messages about sex and sexual behavior also had an effect on teenagers and young adults as this could be associated back to imitating modeled behavior in general. The determination in the case of the Dutch safe sex campaigns was that effectiveness of the televised messages was related not only to the message itself, but also to the amount of exposure the subject had to the message. Those who were more exposed to the messages were more likely to engage in safe sex than those who were less exposed or not exposed at all. In â€Å"Mass Media Effects on Violent Behavior† by Richard Felson discussed in detail the difficulties of studying the effects of media violence on children because it’s difficult to measure intent and the inherent issues present in building experiments that have the greatest possibility of delivering reasonable results. It was the most comprehensive and inclusive article that I read as it looked at a number of different methods of measuring media effects on children – ultimately demonstrating that there is a provable corollary between exposure to violence seen on television and later violent behavior, however, the media input was shown to be part of a greater set of environmental concerns. What I could determine from my sources was that the greatest issue faced by researchers interested in studying the possible corollary between seeing sex and violence on television and that exposure being the driving force for later acts of violence by the subject is that there is no consensus in the data. Replicating a real world experience in the laboratory requires introducing controls that may cause the subject or subjects to feel freer to engage in extreme behavior as the environment created in the experiment can lack the third-party controls that exist in the real world. There is also some difficulty in repeating the results regardless of the conclusions drawn from the data. Additionally, there are complications where the studies are not necessarily using the same metrics in their research so their conclusions may be similar or even confirm the findings of other research but not using the same methodology. The scientific method relies primarily on replication of results when executing the same experiment and that doesn’t seem to be happening in the research done on this topic. The shared determinations between each of my sources all acknowledged the shortcomings in the research; however, this did not prevent them from coming to some kind of conclusion. The most common conclusion was that there was a relationship, however, that relationship was not a direct one to one corollary. This was true for both negative and positive messages. The general acknowledgements is that while there is an association between exposure to messages in sex and violence in the media, that these messages were not necessarily a driving force in later acts of violence, but were certainly a factor in later acts of violence. Summary of a Research Study The research study that I am summarizing is â€Å"Can public campaigns effectively change psychological determinants of safer sex? An evaluation of three Dutch campaigns† by M. C. Yzer, F. W. Siero, and B. P. Buunk. The research was designed to establish the effectiveness of Dutch safe sex campaigns that were run between 1994 and 1996. There were several metrics being measured, â€Å"improved attitudes, perceived social norms, self-efficacy and intentions regarding safer sex (Yzer, Siero Buunk, 1999) The methodology of the study was to use a representative sample of the Dutch population and then ask them to answer electronic questionnaires where you could not advance through to the next question without answering previous questions in order to minimize missing data. Each participant was issued a unique PIN number in order to further identify the participants. There were also five waves of questionnaires, and an individual participant could be eligible for more than one of these waves, however, they could only participate in one wave. The PIN numbers were also used to ensure that there were no duplicate participants from wave to wave. These methods were also employed to exclude testing effects, history effects, cultural changes and sample differences as alternative explanations for the data collected. (Yzer, Siero Buunk, 1999) The questionnaires measured attitudes towards safe sex practices, social norms , â€Å"self-efficacy† (Yzer, Siero Buunk, 1999), and whether or not the participant intended to engage in safe sex practices in the future. The key results in this study were that while the initial levels of positive attitudes and practices of safe sex, there was indeed room for an increase in those metrics. The increases were the most steep immediately after a campaign aired, but that uptick did not dip below the previous level but maintained over time. It was also shown that increases were not always across the board in every category during every campaign. There were different effects that depended on which campaign was aired. When split out into separate categories, â€Å"self-efficacy was enhanced by the 1994 campaign, and that intentions were enhanced by the 1994 and 1995 campaigns. To summarize, all target variables were generally more positive with respect to safer sex after a campaign than before. † (Yzer, Siero Buunk, 1999) The thesis of the experiment was the following: 1. Attitudes, social norms, self-efficacy and intentions would become more favorable towards safer sex in response to each of the 1994, 1995 and 1996 campaigns. 2. In the period of time after the 1996 campaign when no campaign was conducted (but in a similar time interval as between the 1994 but in a similar time interval as between the 1995 and 1996 campaigns), attitudes, social norms, self-efficacy and intentions would become less favorable towards safer sex. (Yzer, Siero Buunk, 1999) The data showed that after the campaigns were aired, that all of the measured areas showed an increase both short-term and long-term. They also noticed that there was a quick uptick in positive feelings shortly after a campaign was aired. Overall, the campaigns served to uphold and enhance already present social norms and attitudes towards safe sex and safe sex practices. The conclusions of this study also confirmed the conclusions of a study done in Germany that evaluated German safer sex campaigns. How this relates to the issue of what effect sex and violence on television effects children is that there is here a strong relationship between media messages and future behavior and that this relationship is related to amount of exposure to the message. It was already well established that there was an agreed upon corollary between violence seen on television and violent behavior, however, this study shows that the relationship is also built on frequency of exposure to the medium. Additionally, there can be changes in different areas over time, which shows the diversity of how media messages influence people and how that influence can be different while still present. Critical Analysis of Internet Information and Research Study In â€Å"It’s not all sex and violence† by Agustin Fuentes, the information provided by Dr. Fuentes is factual and points out that human beings are diverse and complex beings driven by a variety of things. The overemphasis on sex and violence in media is pervasive and dangerous to how we see ourselves as human beings. The amount of cooperation, joy, sharing, etc. that human beings do far outweigh the amount of violence we engage in as a species. However, we as a species are also fascinated with sex and violence and seek out that information – drawing focus towards it, rather than acknowledging their purpose and role in life and placing it among everything else in life, maintaining perspective. The evidence that is used is a walk through the development of human societies and what scientists know about the behavior of our ancestors and the results of primatological research with social behavior of primates. He shows that the majority of the behavior that we engage in is positive and helping behaviors, rather than negative behaviors. The strength of the evidence is weak, but the piece is intended to be an emotional appeal that includes appeals to the intellect. Because of the rhetorical mode of the piece, this is to be expected and does not immediately remove it from consideration as a good source of information. In â€Å"Can public campaigns effectively change psychological determinants of safer sex? † there is a great deal of factual evidence supported by strong evidence with a reasonable and intelligent analysis of the data gathered from their research. The strength of the evidence is significant, especially in light of the inclusion of the information that a German study came to similar conclusions. â€Å"Mass Media Effects on Violent Behavior† is a research study that gathers a number of different research studies and provides that data along with the conclusions of the author. The information is good and because of the amount of provided data, the reader can see where the author’s conclusions came from. Because of this article’s appearance in a peer-reviewed journal, it can be assumed to be a trustworthy source of information with strong evidence supporting its conclusions. Conclusion In answer to the specific question as to whether or not sex and violence on television is harmful to children – there is no simple answer. Through looking at the evidence, there is an undeniable effect of what people see on television and their future behavior, but that link is not causal. The factors that exist in order to drive an individual to violence are difficult to measure due to basic problems with creating appropriate test trials, the complexity of human nature, and the overwhelming amount of input that everyone has on a regular basis. A worthwhile avenue for research would be to measure exposure to specific stimuli in media messages and whether or not it’s the amount of sex and violence that someone is exposed to that is the deciding factor in future behavior. Another avenue would be to do a longitudinal study of children of ifferent socio-economic backgrounds to see what other factors exist (exposure to violence in daily life, attitudes about sex, etc. ) along with measuring how the child is interpreting the media messages that it is exposed to along with the frequency of that exposure. It would be holistic, but perhaps prohibitively complex and long term to execute. What remains unknown is what the full impact of media messages on children is, there is an effect, that’s undeniable, but that effect is clearly influenced by a variety of factors and may only be a reflection of what the child has already learned elsewhere. References Bushman, B. (2013). Why do people deny violent media effects?. Psychology Today, Retrieved from http://www. psychologytoday. com/blog/get-psyched/201302/why-do people-deny-violent-media-effects Felson, R. (1996) Mass media effects on violent behavior. Annual Review of Sociology, 22, 103-128 . Retrieved from http://www. jstor. org. libproxy. uml. edu/stable/2083426 Fuentes, A. (2013). Busting myths about human nature. Psychology Today, Retrieved from http://www. psychologytoday. com/blog/busting-myths-about-human- nature/201302/it-s-not-all-sex-and-violence Walker, M. (1983). Some problems in interpreting statistics relating to crime. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 146(3), 281-293 . Retrieved from http://www. jstor. org. libproxy. uml. edu/stable/2981656 Yzer, M. C. , Siero, F. W. Buunk, B. P. (1999). Can public campaigns effectively change psychological determinants of safer sex? An evaluation of three Dutch campaigns. Health Education Research, 15(3), 339-352. Retrieved from http://her. oxfordjournals. org/content/15/3/339. full How to cite Does Sex and Violence on Television Have a Negative Effect on Children?, Papers

A Case Study on how Enterprise Rent A Car- Free Sample

Question: Make a plan for the launch of a ENTERPRISE RENT A CAR cab service which is well established in 7 countries making going to start the business in BRISBANE AUSTRALIA with a 500,000 AUD. Answer: Executive Summary This report was basically a marketing plan for Enterprise Rent - A Car which is going to launch its services in Brisbane, Australia. The organisation was first time launching its services in Brisbane city. During the first year of the business, Enterprise Rent- A Car aimed to achieve the target of enough popularity in the market so that it can be a leader of car rental services in the Brisbane City. It also aimed to gain the 0.6% market share and wants to perform the business of $1,000,000.For marketing strategy, the online marketing was preferred to reach maximum people in Brisbane city and to utilize the opportunities and to overcome the threats and weaknesses. The company used various other strategies like launching other services and populate them using various marketing strategies. Getting Tired of Never-Ending Assignments? Hire an Expert from MyAssignmenthelp and Get the Necessary Assignment Help at a Reasonable Rate. The company provided the cars and other vehicles on rent. The special service that the company was targeting to start is providing the one way rental service as this has become a weakness for the company. Thus, the company provided the vehicles on rent for various purposes. This basically targeted the people of age group 15 to 65 years. For private bookings and for organizational bookings it targeted the orphanages, old age homes etc. Initially, the prices of the services were very low for attracting people. The distribution of the services was both online and on call service. The payment will be done by online and on delivery of service.The company tried to achieve all the targets by implementing the marketing plan described in the report. Basically, the company used the online marketing, magazines, newspapers, direct mails for the marketing purpose to attract a large group of people. This report is a marketing plan for an Enterprise rent-a-car in Brisbane, Australia. This marketing plan includes the current situation of the enterprise, enterprises SWOT analysis, Market segmentation, targeted market, positioning the car rental service in the market, Objective of the marketing plan, marketing strategy, the budget assigned to marketing,control and contingencies. This includes the budget of 500,000 AUD. Thus, this report will prepare the marketing plan according to the given budget.Aim of this report is to create an appropriate formarketing plan for the Enterprise rent-a-car so that it can well establish its market in the Brisbane city of Australia.The scope of this marketing plan is very wide. This marketing plan will create abusiness wide opportunity for Enterprise rent-a-car and help the enterprise to enhance their business. Company Background Enterprise Rent-A-Car is based in UK and currently provides its services in seven countries worldwide. The company provides its car rental services for both private and business purposes. The company currently has more than 8,200 offices worldwide and 370 offices in the UK itself. The company also provides the vehicle replacement. It even replaces the accidental vehicles. The company was founded in 1957 and the founder of the company is Jack Taylor (About Rent-A CAR, 2014). The company is dedicated to their customers for providing the excellent services. Its dedication towards their employees and customers can be observed from the fact that 99% of the job vacancies is filled internally by the employees itself. Current Situation Analysis The current situation of the company can be understood by three analysis, i.e. internal analysis, external analysis and market analysis. Internal Analysis The mission of Enterprise Rent-a-car is to provide the commercial and automotive truck on rent. The company provides the leasing and sales services in cars according to the need of the customers and expectation for the quality service and values (Enterprise rent a car mission, 2014). The company works with various resources and contracts with the car owners, who want to provide their car on rent. The company offers various offers and services in terms of car rent and truck on rents. The company has a strong workforce to work. The internal environment of the company supports the growth of the company. Employees of the company are well satisfied to work enough. Overall, the company is strong enough to establish new market in Brisbane, Australia. External Analysis The company uses latest technology to reach their customers. Company supports the use of updated, improved technology present in the market. Economically, the company is strong to establish its new market. The main issue faced by the company will be the political or legal issues, to understand the legal issues in Australia, the company needs to perform various researches in the Australian market as the company is new in the Australian market and is not habitual to the laws and regulation of Australian government. If we talk on the cultural influences, then the Australian people are very sensitive about the culture. Thus, while marketing, these factors should be analysed and handled properly. Natural environment is very much favourable for the business and the small problems will not affect the business. Enterprise Rent- A - Car is recognised for its quality service throughout the market (Customer Service, 2014). Market Analysis The marketing analysis includes the market of Brisbane city of Australia as the company wants to start its business in this city. For analysing the market let us consider the below graph. Rent vs. Own property data statistics of Brisbane City (Property Data, 2014) According the above graph, 18% of the people have their own property. 24.8% of the people are thinking to purchase their own property. Other people use the resources on rent as described. Thus, the market has a great scope for car rent business (Kotler, 2010). There are various car rental companies which are available in the Brisbane city which provides its best services in the Brisbane city of Australia. Among those, the best car rental providing companies are Thrifty car rental fortitude Valley, Avis, Vista hire and Vroom (Thrifty, 2014). The main competition of the company will be with Vroom and Vista hire as the people of Brisbane likes the services of these company a lot but the company has various advantages. In this, the main competition is that the company provides a wide range of vehicles at a wide range of rental prices. Customers of Brisbane city wants the luxury services in form of rental car at reasonable prices (ibisworld, 2010). SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis of the Enterprise Rent-A-Car is as follows: Strengths Weaknesses 1.The Enterprise Rent-A-Car has a strong brand image. 2.The company provides the leading car rental services in seven countries worldwide. 3.Company has vehicles available in large fleet. 4Company provides operations and services in large scale. 5.The company has strong financial condition. Company can expend a large amount to setup the new business. 6.Company is providing its leading customer services and the customers are very much satisfied with the services of Enterprise Rent-A-Car (Ganzer, 2012). 1.Company should have the concentration of assets. 2 Company needs to maintain its vehicles from time to time for providing better services. 3 Company doesnt provide the facility of one way rental. 4.The operations of the company are very intensive including capital operation also. Opportunities Threats 1. The company has started various new services which can emerge as new outstanding opportunities in the market. 2.The car rental market is growing globally and people are using this type of services enthusiastically. 3.eople are using internet at a large scale. People also use the online booking or purchasing services. 4.People also use the smartphone applications on large scale for booking or other purposes. 5.At airport or railway stations, people need the cabs in large scale. Sometimes people have their own vehicles but then also they need to book the cab while travelling in other cities (Brajkrati, 2011). 1.Brisbane is a very competitive market for car rental services. Thus, the company needs to face a large scale of competition. 2. In Brisbane, the cost of drivers are very high. Even the charge of maintaining the vehicles is also high. 3.The interest rates of the various services like bank loan etc. are increasing day by day. 4.Price of fuel is also increasing with time. Thus, the SWOT analysis of the company is performed which works as a raw material for developing the marketing plan. Market Segmentation For marketing segmentation, let us first analyse and view the population and do the income analysis of the people of Brisbane city. Income Analysis of Brisbane City, Australia (2014) The above graph is showing the income statements of the people in Brisbane city. According to the above graph, the average monthly loan repayment of people of Brisbane city is $2400. People are paying an average rent of $530 weekly, the weekly individual income of the people in Brisbane city is $859, weekly average income of a family is $2386 and weekly household income is $1828. Thus, the people of Brisbane city will be able to afford the car rental services of Enterprise Rent - A Car. The market can be segmented in many ways like consideration of private services or organisational services (slideshare, 2010). Thus, the market can be segmented into two parts, private booking and organisational booking. It is said to be a private booking if someone rents the car for their personal use. Organizational booking is said if an organisation books car, on rent. In private booking also market can be segmented into two parts, individual or family booking. Individual means if a person has booked a car on rent only for himself and family booking means if the car is booked on rent for the full family (Eboschor, 2010). In organisational booking also market can be segmented into many parts like group booking or single booking. Group booking can be done only when the organization organizes a trip and then books the vehicles for it. The other organizational purpose may be for goods transportation. For goods transportation, the organization may hire trucks. In single organisation booking, organisation may book a car on rent if a single person comes for meeting or any other official purpose (monestime, 2010). Target Market For the analysis of target market, let us first see the population of Brisbane city in Australia. This can be analysed from the below graph. Population percentage of different age group (Property data, 2014) The above figure is showing the population ration of Brisbane city in Australia. Brisbane is the third largest city in Australia having population of nearly 2.2 million people and has the largest growth rate in Australia (Study Brisbane, 2014). The above figure is divided into three age groups under 15, between 15-65 and 65 plus. There are 4.6% people under the age of 15 years in Brisbane, nearly 90.4% people are between 15-65 age groups and nearly 5% people are more than 65 years. In private market segmentation, the company will target the 15 65 age group people. Because it is obvious to understand that under 15 age group people will not be able to book a car. Also, there will be very less people who will be able to hire the car on rent. Thus, our private targeted market is very big in size but in this market also the company will mostly target the middle class people as the poor people will not have the capability to book a car on rent and the rich class people have their own mode of transportation (business week, 2006). In the organizational market segment, the company will mainly target the schools, colleges, old age homes, orphanages, event organizers etc. as these generally needs the vehicles for various events like picnics, tours etc (Powers, 2004). Old age homes, orphanages and event organizers will be targeted mainly as they organise such events on a large scale. Positioning The company provides a wide range of options to their customers. Company has options available from low class cars to luxury cars, low prices to highest prices. Thus, the company provides its services from low price range to highest price range. The services provided by the company are very fast. After confirmation of the booking of car, the car will reach at the destination on time. This hikes the position of the company in the market. The other factor that contributes are that the company never compromises with the quality of service which means if a customer books a prime car then the company will not provide the car of low level but if a customer books a car of low level, then it may provide the higher level car on unavailability of low level cars. Thus, the customers always remain satisfied with the services of the company. (Wong, 2011). The negative factor is that, the company does not provide the facility of one way rental. This factor affects the position of the company in the market. If we see in the market there are various other car rental companies in the market which provides car on rent for one way transportation. Thus, overall, the position of Enterprise Rent ACar is very good in the market. It will compete with the other popular car rental companies in the market. Objectives The objective of this marketing plan is to gain the overall market of the Brisbane City. Most of the people should prefer to use Enterprise Rent ACar for booking of car or other vehicles on rent by providing the better services to the customers. The primary goal of this marketing plan is to generating the awareness between the people about the organisation and the offers and services provided by the organisation. This will help in increasing the popularity of the organisation in Brisbane city. The organization will also start the one way rental service by gaining the proper resources and fund (Harvey, 2013). Thus, the main goal of the marketing strategy is to identify the needs of the customers and to provide the best facilities and services to the customers so that the Enterprise RentACar can gain its popularity in the first year. Marketing Strategies Product The facilities and services that the company will provide is that it will facilitate the users for booking car or other vehicles on rent for various purposes. It will provide a wide range of services according to price and facilities which will facilitate the users for booking the car from home at an affordable price. The company will provide various levels of cars like low level, luxury cars, sports car etc. according to the requirement of customer. Similarly, other vehicles will also be levelled (Bruce, 2013). The company will provide the Jaguar XJ for luxury car services on rent. Price The charge will be according to the booking of the customers. The rent will vary according to the time, distance between source and the destination. The rent of the luxury cars will be higher than the low level cars. Similarly, the charge of the trucks will vary according to the load weighing capacity of the truck (Industry week, 2014). Let us take an example of the charge of the luxury car Jaguar XJ which will be $1 per 5 kilometres and the weighting charges will be $2 per hour. Promotion The promotion of services will be done by various mediums. The main mode of the promotion will be internet. Online marketing will mostly be preferred. Second source of promotion media will be the television channels and the newspapers. Other sources of promotion will be the banners and templates and providing advertisements on other media (Business Statistics, 2010). In online medium, social media marketing will be preferred as this is very easy, effective and least costly method of marketing and other factor is that the social media covers a large number of people in the market. Place Place, as described above, will be Brisbane city in Australia. In Brisbane city also the pose area will be targeted as the company needs to cover large number of people. People People present in the services will be the employees and the customers who want to use these services. In the employees, the people present in providing the service will be the operational managers, booking managers and employees, drivers etc. while the customers will be as described above will be the mainly from the age group 15-65 and the families. The various organizations will also acts as customer for the Enterprise Rent-A Car. Process The process of the service will start from the booking, online or by call booking will be done by the customers after the booking process the online payment will be done by the customers by various ways like credit card, debit card or net banking. Finally a form of liability will be filled by customers. Physically Attributes The Physical attributes that will be present in the process will be an office, a server for processing the requests and storing the data, Computer systems etc. For improving the service and quality and service for the customers the accessories should also be according to that. Action Plan The action plan of marketing is expressed in the following table Process Timing Objective Online Marketing Google Advertisement Google Ad words Email Marketing Target redirected Web Users Web Advertisement Social media marketing 12 months 12 months 4 months 3 months 6 months 12 months The objective of the online marketing is to gain more number of customers through online social media. Google Advertisement will help to gain customers when something related to car rental will be searched online, Google ad words will also be used in ranking the company higher in the search engines. Redirected web user will transfer the users on our website and web advertisement will help to attract the customers (Programs live, 2011). Radio Advertisements Frequent 60 seconds advertisements Frequent 30 second Slow 60 seconds Advertisements Slow 60 seconds advertisement Slow 30 second advertisement For first 1 month For next 1 month For next one month For next one month Most of the people generally listen radio in free time. This can be evolved as the great starting source. Billboards 12.66 * 3.35m 6.00 * 3.00m 3.00 * 3.00m 12 months 12 months 12 months Billboards create a different type of positive image among the people. It can be seen from even from the distance. Magazines Double page spread Full Page Half Page Third Page Quarter Page 70mm * 58mm Once in 4 months Once in two months Once in one month Once in 15 days Once in 10 days Magazines are a great source of advertisement and people generally read the magazines for knowledge purpose. Newspaper Courier Mail Full Page Half Page Quarter Page QWeekEnd Full Page Half Page Quarter Page U on Sunday Once in 6 months Once in 3 months Once in 3 months Once Once in 6 months Once in 4 months Newspapers are used in almost every house or family to know about the daily news. Thus, it can also be a great source of advertisement Direct Mails Direct mail letters Direct main postcards 12 months 12 months Direct mail advertisement assures that the people who received the letter will surely see the advertisements. Marketing Budget The overall marketing budget of the company is $500,000. The distribution of the cost can be done as follows: Website: $10,000 Online Marketing: $ 90,000 Billboard Budget: $150,000 Magazines: $100,000 Newspaper: $100,000 Direct Mails: $50,000 (Paramasivan, 2010) Controls and Contingencies The success of each process will be monitored according to the response gained by the customers on each activity (SOM, 2009). Response on online activity can be measured directly very easily but for other marketing resources, the company should make some strategy. The feedback form helps a lot, wherein, the company can ask the customers on how they came to know about the services of Enterprise RentACar. Conclusion The above report is basically the result of various studies and research. The above market plan is prepared by studying the various marketing activities and researching the marketing resources available in the market. This marketing strategy, if executed successfully, may result in the success of Enterprise Rent-ACar. The main objective of marketing plan is to gain the popularity in one year and establish a strong network within the city. The marketing plan will include the online marketing, billboards, magazines, newspapers and the direct mails. References Mission Rent-A-Car (2014). Our Mission. About Enterprise Rent-A-Car (2014). About Us. Customer Service (2014). Culture of Customer Service. Bajraktari, Aneida (2011). Car Rental Company Swot Analysis. Ganzer, Gina (2012). Enterprise Rent-A-Car: Industry and Company Analysis 3, 1-12. Study Brisbane (2014). Facts and Figures. Kotler, Philips (2010). Marketing Management London: Pearson publishing house Car rental and leasing services. (2010, September 02). Enterprise rent a car company profile. (2009, December 4). Enterprise holdings world headquarters. (2010, May). Enterprise rent a car case study. (2010). Monestime, Rodriguez. (2010). The car rental industry. No.5 enterprise: a clear road to the top. (2006, September 18). Powers, Kemp. (2004, September 1). Andy Taylor. Wong, Ho Yin (2011). Building a Marketing plan: A complete guide London: Business Expert Press Kotler P., Brown L., Burton, S., Deaqns, K. Armstrong, G. (2010). Marketing. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson Education, p. 276 Thrifty (2014). Thrifty Car Truck Rental. Harvey (2013). Foundation of Australian Law Annandale: Tide University Press. Bruce (2013). Australian Competition Law New South Walls: Butterworth Law. Paramasivan, C. (2010) Financial Management New Delhi: New Age Publications. Groznik, Ales (2012) Pathways to Supply Chain Excellence Europe: Intech Industry Week (2014), Top five supply chain risk factors. Business Statistics (2010) Forecasting of Business Data. Ritson, Neil (2013) Strategic management. : Bookboon publications. Production Planning (2013), Production Planning. Programs Live (2011), Technology Management. SOM (2010), Supply Chain Management. Seldon, A. (2009) Trust: How We Lost It and How To Get It Back London: Biteback Publishing Limited.

The Travels of a T

The Travels of a T-shirt in the Global Economy focuses on the impact of globalization and free trade. Pietra Rivoli recounts her fascinating adventure around the world in order to find out the origin of her T-shirt. Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Travels of a T-Shirt in the Global Economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More She travels from a cotton field in Texas to a Chinese factory and from there goes to a used clothing market in Tanzania, and in the process describes the transformation of raw cotton into a T-Shirt. She analyses the international trade through the story of a simple product and gives her perceptions of the workings of a global economy. She resolves that, without blatant efforts by protestors and NGOs, free trade would lead into exploitation of disfavored workers in the factories of developing countries. This essay gives a critical examination of the Travels of T-shirt in the Glob al Economy by looking at its purpose, the impressions it creates, how it could be improved and finally, its relation to economic geography. In telling her story, Rivoli used a simple concept to find out the globalization of world trade. She randomly purchases a t-shirt while on vacation then talks to the shop proprietors to discover where they initially bought it from. She then tracks down the persons and factories that probably had a direct influence upon her t-shirt. Her story commences at George Town University in Washington where she encountered a student demonstration about the sweatshop that produced their t-shirts. She becomes concerned and decides to investigate how the process worked, and so, she buys a T-Shirt which sets out the whole story. The story begins right at the cotton fields where the farmers encounter several challenges and from there, hops from country to country as it undergoes different processes (Rivoli, 2005). The story is recounted in an interesting and e fficacious way to attain its objective of educating on global economy. She explains that cotton farmers in America are MBAs in entrepreneurship in the sense that they are moving toward their vision of earning wealth to themselves and to the whole community as well. This is achieved through cutting off the foreign and domestic competitors. As Rivoli states, Texas cotton remains the lead as a result of placing limits to competitors instead of competing. She describes the cotton industry using an imagery; the Texas cotton industry as a lion and its competitors as gazelles. This finely illustrates her idea of the Texas cotton industry quickly destroying its opponents so as to avoid competition. This way, she helps in elaborating on the reasons for continuous success of Texas cotton (Rivoli, 2005).Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, she also sheds light on the benefits incurred by farmers as a result of cotton farming. The farmers of the United States are subsidized by the government, and the American textile industries are made to buy the cotton from the farmers which in turn, subsidize the difference in price. Programmes for compensating farmers of the losses, developing new technologies and for loaning are also available. On the contrary, other countries as India and Pakistan cannot even afford to compensate their farmers. This is quite the opposite of America. Farmers in such countries are depressed as seen in the example of an Indian cotton farmer who decided to drink pesticide as a way of expressing his fate in farming. Through this, the economic situations of different countries are depicted. Protectionist policies are what the American government has applied in order to prevent imports, and though this might be viewed as a short-run resolution of imports to any nation, it does help in preserving domestic products and the jobs of dozens (Rivoli, 2005). When drawing the cotton processing in Chinese factories, Rivoli reveals the inhuman conditions in the sweatshop. She mentions the condition of workers and especially women who work for long hours at the factories for little pay. She provides an example of a young woman, Jiang Lan, whose work is to tie strands of broken yarn. She works for six days per week, eight hours a day, and all what she gets is $100 per month. This is surely a low pay considering the fact that she works for long hours and only has one day to rest in a week. Quite to the contrary, these women are willing to work on the factory as it frees them from the donkeywork and arranged marriages in the countryside China. This reflects the poor political governance that does not protect the workers’ rights. China’s communist policies that socially classify people such as the hukou are unnecessary and unfair to many as it prevents people from becoming who they want to be. This is a m atter that the Chinese government needs to look into (Rivoli, 2005). Nevertheless, Rivoli’s writing creates such an important realization that the need for new clothing has made cotton a necessity. This is deduced in the section concerning the Salvation Army where she says that â€Å"There are nowhere near enough poor people in America to absorb the mountains of castoffs (clothing), even if they were given away† (p.176). Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Travels of a T-Shirt in the Global Economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essentially means that, there is unlimited desire for new clothing in and outside America. The used garments are taken to Tanzania trading markets where they are sold as second hand garments. Used clothes have become an issue of controversy and some African countries have banned the importation of castoffs as a way of protecting their local textile indust ries (Rivoli, 2005). Her opinion on economic policy is something that I agree with. Her sentiment pertaining to the agreement on free trade between China and the United States is that, the two states should stop competing and instead let the market determine the best product. Through this, it is made clear that free trade might not be the best line in the short-term after all (Rivoli, 2005). Moreover, another similar problem occurs when Rivoli talks about the unintended outcomes of congress legislation that proposes to affirm the occupations of America. A particular case is that of CBTBA and the â€Å"yarn forward† requisite that deters American yarn spinners from exporting their yarn to the Caribbean and from changing production to a cost-effective location. One asks themselves whether the legislations being passed are of any assistance since they prove not to be working to begin with. Instead of wasting time and money maintaining disused jobs, it could be better put to use in other places like funding educational programs and educating dismissed workers (Rivoli, 2005). Finally, the book touches on several issues of globalization which are informative. Rivoli though, can further improve the book by discussing the matters of political and economic subversion. In addition, environmental impacts of the garment industries should also be more dwelt on. The textile industry nowadays illustrates the issues faced by the global economy. Owing to its globalization, the textile industry moves around boundaries, connecting governments, industries and economies of underdeveloped and developed nations. As seen, the garments move from a developed country to a less developed country as they get old. This explains the economic situations of these countries. Americans are able to afford new clothing and as they get old they are transferred to a less developed country as Tanzania who may not afford new garments due to high charges imposed on them. This is a very inter esting book as it elaborates on various matters pertaining to the economies of different nations (Rivoli, 2005).Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This book looks at the cycle of a T-shirt transformed from a cotton field in Texas to a fabric and finally sewn to a T-shirt in Chinese factories. The T-shirt is then taken back to United States, Florida, where it is printed and sold in the streets of Washington. As a used T-shirt it is eventually discarded and thus encounters a free market. On its way to Tanzania, it may pass through china again for sorting, and that is how the T-shirt as she analyzed, travels. This book expresses approval of the business individuals involved in global trade together with their antagonists who assist in ensuring that trade does not at all cause dehumanization to those that it may serve to assist. Pietra Rivoli hence recounts a story that deserves its success. She has done deep research, written well, argued well and even largely elaborated on the turbulent complexness of the global economy. Rivoli though should elaborate more on the economic and political corruption. Reference Rivoli, P. (2005). The Travels of a T-Shirt in the Global Economy: An Economist Examines the Markets, Power, and Politics of World Trade. New York: John Wiley Sons. This critical writing on The Travels of a T-Shirt in the Global Economy was written and submitted by user John Porter to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Royal Order of Adjectives

The Royal Order of Adjectives The Royal Order of Adjectives The Royal Order of Adjectives By Jacquelyn Landis Have you ever wondered why we instinctively say â€Å"the shiny new red car† and not â€Å"the red new shiny car†? The reason is that there is a royal order for adjectives, and most native English speakers learn to use it as we’re forming our first complete sentences. Adjectives fall into categories, and those categories comprise the royal order: Determiner (articles and other limiters: the book, your car) Observation or opinion (a genuine fraud, an interesting book, an expensive watch) Size and Shape (tiny, fat, square) Age (young, old, new) Color (blue, sea-green) Origin (American, Chinese) Material (describing what something is made of: silk, copper, wooden) Qualifier (final adjective, often an integral part of the noun: vacation resort, wedding dress, race car) Typically, writers know better than to string together more than two or three adjectives at a time, and we don’t seem to struggle too much in getter their order straight. Where it gets confusing is in deciding when to use commas to separate a string of adjectives. You probably already know that equal adjectives should be separated by commas, as in this example: The singer wore a beaded, feathered costume. â€Å"Beaded† and â€Å"feathered† are equal adjectives, ones that belong to the same category (material) in the royal order. You could switch their position, and the rhythm of the sentence would still be correct. However, when you create a string of adjectives, be mindful of both their proper order and of the fact that you needn’t use commas to separate adjectives of a different category. The singer wore an antique purple beaded, feathered costume. Only one comma is necessary in the above sentence because â€Å"beaded† and â€Å"feathered† are the only adjectives belonging to the same category. If you’re ever in doubt about where to place commas in a string of adjectives, refer to the royal order. It’ll be your faithful guide. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:70 Idioms with HeartRules for Capitalization in TitlesEmpathic or Empathetic?

Kantian Ethics Essay Sample

Kantian Ethics Essay Sample Kantian Ethics Essay Kantian ethics functions as the most feasible especially in the definition of individual duty in ethical situations. Kant’s ideas are considered vague and rigid, but they function efficiently and with ease in most situations. Exceptions exist but their strengths are diminished when individuals focus on actual situations, their expectations and how people handle them. Despite these exceptions, the description given by Kant of the conversion of maxims into universal laws are used as a guide to systems regarding morality and ethics. The most beautiful thing about Kantian ethics is the fact that it bases its arguments on an individual. A person can, therefore, decide whether their actions are worth being done to others by determining if they would be pleased if the action was done to them. Unlike the utilitarian point of view, Kantian ethics focuses on an individual and not on the needs of the group. These point of view not only applies to people but also animals as they are considered as human beings. Kant’s theory is hardly acknowledged by some societal groups or collective groups and thus can only be applied in a situation where peace, tolerance, and understanding have prevailed for long periods of time. Kant believes that one does not require to know the expected results for an action to judge it on moral grounds. This is because moral rules can be known on the basis. All human beings face the challenge of having to accept the inevitability of being confronted with situations that test their character and morality unwillingly. Kantian ethics, therefore, is based on the concept of universalization where Kant describes a maxim and tests if it is morally acceptable for one person to act in that manner. Also, it can be checked by seeing if it would be morally permissible for all individuals to act similarly. Kantian ethics concludes that an action can only be morally permissible in one instance if it is universally acceptable in all the other cases. Most individuals follow their intuition when they face a moral conflict as they become introspective, hoping that their intuition guides them to make a morally right decision. However, nobody is sure if they have acted ethically in such situations and thus Kant believes that the primary thing that can guide us to making morally correct decisions is the goodwill. The good will is good in itself and thus is not considered good from what it impacts or accomplishes. Kantian ethics asserts that a good will acts by the maxim of engaging in the right things as it’s the only right thing to be done. An action’s moral worth can only be examined by determining whether or not the action was conducted concerning the moral laws. Kantian ethics argues that a moral action does not base on inclination, feelings or possibilities of positive outcomes or rewards. It bases on sense, for instance, this is what I or we ought to do. Offering an old person a seat in a vehicle, for example, can only be morally correct if you do it out of a sense of duty and not to impress anyone. The motive is, therefore, a vital fact in Kantian ethics, and it is even possible for an action to yield negative results despite being a moral act. The article focus on the concept of moral responsibility and duty as the primary characteristic of the moral consciousness that serves as the foundation for the deontological initiative. Most people wonder if morality is something that can be discovered. Maybe if all of us accept integrity with our own experiences, then our view and ideologies would be similar. Therefore, Kant’s arguments on morality and decision making must be a priority. Kantian ethics creates a modern approach to the way individuals hold their ethical standards in the contemporary world. Kant’s view assumes that the concept of morality majorly basses on absolute directives which might not apply to the modern world which is not so clear. From this essay, it is evident that there exist flaws that an individual should still look into the consequences, especially when thinking ethically and morally.

Tort assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Tort assignment - Essay Example ? to all his lawful visitors, except insofar as he is free to and does extend, restrict, modify, or exclude his duty to any visitor or visitors by agreement or otherwise.† It also applies to a person who enters the premises in order to fulfill a contractual right. This is the law that is applicable as we review the facts of the case that we are presented with. In this case, Peter, who owns Rawley House, decided to have the house redecorated and employed a local electrician, Steven, to install new wall lights in the long gallery. After Steven had finished the installation, Peter employed Thomas, a decorator, to paint the walls of the gallery. While painting the walls Thomas suffered severe burns as a result of touching a live wire which Steven had left protruding from the wall. After work was completed, Peter allowed the local Historical Society to visit the house. In the entrance hall of the house is a notice which states: "The owner welcomes visitors to the property but cannot be held responsible for any injuries sustained by person or property during the course of the visit." Just after the Historical Society arrived at the Rawley Hose, Victor, a poacher, climbed over the wall onto Peters land. Victor caught his footing in a trap set to cat ch foxes. On hearing Victors screams. Peter, and his visitors, rushed out of the house. During the commotion Sam, aged 5, wandered into the garden. he climbed up a rotten rails trellis, which was lodged against the garden wall, and fell through a glass roof severely injuring himself. Sams father, who had brought him on the visit to Rawley House, found the injured boy thirty minutes later. Thomas has a right to claim damages from Peter by virtue of the employer-employee relationship. However, under the Occupiers’ Liability Act, he may have to seek damages against the local electrician, Steven, who is an independent contractor, absent any showing that Peter acted negligently in the hiring and selection of Steven as his

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

International Business - Essay Example Many governments are developing national policies, which aims at attracting and facilitating foreign investment. Policy framework is an instrumental element to global investment and trade. However, governments are not adapting a blanket approach to this factor, but reinforcing regulatory policies on foreign trade with a view of accommodating industries policies that favor competitive business practices. The strategies developed at the national level should not only favor international investment, but also protect national business. Largely, the economic policies should focus on the individual needs. At the same time, present investment trends favor regional trade as opposed to the bilateral trade. Arguably, the bargain by regional blocks roots for common economic policies as opposed to the bilateral agreements that tend to favor individual countries. The developing countries are leading in foreign direct investment. This trend seems to suggest that new business openings are more in t he developing countries because of untapped business opportunities. It is apparent from the World Investment Report 2013 that global value chain has an impact on international and foreign direct investment. ... The developed and the developing countries tend to project varied investment trends in the global economy (World Economic Forum 2013). Specifically, countries such as Japan and United States have significant internal value chains and tend to rely less on the global value chains. China, Germany, and United Kingdom significantly depend on foreign trade. The foreign exports in these three countries contribute immense to their economy. A considerable population of these countries derive their income or wage from industries whose primary concerns is to manufacture goods or products for export. Elsewhere, the composition of exports and positions in global value chains depend on natural resources of various found in these countries. For instance, China is hub for manufacturing of nearly all the electronic products. Favoring factors influencing investment in this country is the cheap labor and availability of raw materials. Since the quantity manufactured supersedes the quantity demanded nat ionally, hence the quantity sent to the global market (Ma, Van Assche and Hong 2009 pp 655). Largely, favoring conditions for investment tend to give leeway for various investors to concentrate of investment for export purposes. Another factor that seems to explain the observable trend in the global market and the impact of global vale added chain is the concept of economic structure and export model (Gereffi, Humphrey and Sturgeon 2005 pp78). Players in the global trade seem inject varied input depending on favoring factors. For example, countries such as Singapore, China, and Netherlands derive significant amount of foreign benefit from the entreport trade. A review of Chinese economy for instance, shows that its economy derive considerable amount of foreign

European settling in America Essay Example for Free

European settling in America Essay The discovery of the Americas was one of the biggest events in history. But some tend to look over the fact that the discovery of the Americas led also to the discovery of Native American groups who were already settled here. So did the Europeans really have the right to settle in the Americas? The Europeans had every right to settle in the Americas. They had this right because no nation or form of government had been established here. If a nation or government had been established, then it would be a different story. The problem with the Native Americans was that they were so sparsely spread out around the Americas. If they had all been in one large area things possibly could have gone better for them than they did. The Europeans did have every right to settle in the Americas, but they had absolutely no right to dispossess Indians of their land. The Indians had settled here years and years before the discovery of the Americas by the Europeans. The Indians had somehow ventured over to the Americas, just as the Europeans had done, and made a home here. Europeans had no right to take that away from them. The Europeans should have been more compassionate towards the Native Americans. They should have respected the fact that they had settled here first, but human pride got in the way and they wanted what they couldnt have. The Europeans lied, cheated , and stole from the Indians making for a very confrontational accommodation. This is not the way they should have gone about this. Many things could have been done to aid in a more peaceful accommodation. First and foremost, the Europeans could have settled anywhere else in the Americas, whereas it is very large with plenty of land. If they really wanted the specific land the Indians were on they could have coincided with them. They could have lived in peace amongst each other. The two cultures could teach other new things, and help one another. If this still didnt work, the Europeans could have peacefully negotiated with the Indians, no violence or deceit involved. Sadly, the Europeans hearts werent in the right place when they came across the Indians, and most of the Europeans wanted the Indians gone or exterminated. As Christians, we are supposed to help others and be compassionate. Had the Europeans approached the Indians with this mindset things could have been done more peacefully between the two cultures.

Karl Marx Essay -- essays research papers

Karl Marx was born on May 5, 1818, in Trier, Prussia. He attended the university of Bonn and later the university at Berlin, where he studied in law, while majoring in history and philosophy. After his education, Marx associated himself with the "Left Hegelians," along with Bruno Bauer, which were a group who formed atheistic and revolutionary ideas from Hegel's philosophy. The Young Hegelians practiced philosophical idealism. Here he first meet Arnold Ruge and Ludwig Feuerbach. In 1842 Marx and Bruno Bauer were asked to contribute to the Rheinische Zeitung, a German paper, in Cologne. At the time Marx started, the paper had only 400 subscribers. Marx in October of 1842, became editor-in-chief, and decided to move from Bonn to Cologne. As the paper became more and more revolutionary and widely read, the government decided to censor, and eventually suppress it. The paper was banned in March of 1843. At this time, it had more than 3,400 subscribers from all over Germany. Karl Marx was married to his childhood friend Jenny von Westphalen, in 1843. Later in the fall of that year Marx along with another Left Hegelian, Arnold Ruge, moved to Paris and began publication of a radical journal entitled Deutsch-Franzosische Jahrbucher. Due to the problems in publishing such a radical paper, only one issue appeared. Karl met his closest friend in September of 1844, when Frederick Engels arrived in Paris. Together they participated in the activities of many revolutionary communities. They formed the theory and ideas of revolutionary proletarian socialism, also known as communism. Also in 1844, Marx wrote a revolutionary book called the Holy Family. It is a materialist view of the history of man. Basically, it was a critique on his former philosophy group, "The Young Hegelians." It expressed the view of history being mans activities. "‘History' is not, as it were, a person apart, using man as a means to achieve its own aims; history is nothing but the activity of man pursuing his own aims." Finally in 1845 Marx was banished from Paris as a dangerous revolutionary. He wrote satirical poems for revolutionary-democrats. The paper, "Vorwà ¤rts", was attack by reactionary papers asking for government banning or censorship, but instead they banned Marx from Paris. He decided to head for Brussels, where he and Engels joined, in 1847,... ...pital is placed on exploitation of wage labor. Marx discovered the fact that it is not labor itself, but labor power that is the commodity which the worker sells and the capitalist purchases. This is the key discovery for the connection for the determination of the commodity value by labor. Capital also establishes two main points. The first is that the capitalist can increase the rate of surplus value by prolonging the working day. This is absolute surplus value. The second is by increasing the intensity of the working day. This is relative surplus value. Marx covers every aspect of capitalist economy, and depicts every flaw. Though never completed, it is the work of his life time. On December 2, 1881, His lifelong wife passed away. Marx's health declined due to his strenuous work with the International and the Capital. And just more than a year later Karl Marx died peacefully at his home. Both were buried at Highgate Cemetery in London, where they still lie today. Marx has affected nearly all aspects, whether it be economy, politics, natural science, Darwinism, or even philosophy. His impacts have positively changed the world even still today, Marx's ingenious all around us.

Distributed System Failure Types

Distributed Systems A distributed system is a computer system that consists of a collection of computers that share certain characteristics. The first characteristic that these computers share is the use of a common network. Another trait of this system is the computers share software that enables the computers to coordinate their activities, often across large distances. The sharing of system resources is another characteristic of distributed systems and those resources are usually available from an integrated computing facility. Fault ToleranceIn a distributed system, fault tolerance is something that needs to be taken into account to prevent catastophic situations and data loss. Fault olerance is simply the ability of a system to continue operating in the event of undesired changes to the external environment or internal structure of the system occurs. Types of failure There are several key types of failure related to distributed systems. The first of these is hardware failure. Ha rdware failure refers to the failure of any single component within the system. The second type of failure within a distributed system is network failure.Network failure is the failure of any single link within the entire distirbuted system network. The third type of failure within a distributed system is application failure. Application failure occurs when an application stops working or fails to operate correctly within a distributed system. The last type of failure in a distributed system is the failure of synchronization. The type of failure occurs when data on different point of the system are not synchronized correctly. Hardware Failure Within a distributed system there are many different types of hardware.If any one of the hardware components within a distributed system should fail, the failure could affect the distributed system as a whole. Taken in the most literal sense, individual keyboards, mice, monitors, and computers are all hardware and failure of any one of those wo uld affect the distributed system because it could cause a single node to be unavailable for use. This is an example of failure that has a very minimal impact on the performance of the overall system. On the flip side of that, the failure of a server within the distributed system would have a tremendous affect on the performance of the system as a whole.Fault tolerance requires the distibuted system to have redundant hardware capabilities so that no single component could fail and have a detrimental effect on the system. Network Failure One of the key characteristics of a distributed system is the use of a network as a common link to share applications, data, and resources. As with hardware failures, network failures can occur on different scales. One example of a network failure would be the loss of a wireless access point in a location where there is no capacity for a wired connection.Loss of wireless connectivity could potentailly affect many users depending on the situation. Ano ther example of a network failue would be the loss of a router. The loss of a router on a large network would have a negative impact on all users and equipment connected to it. Fault tolerance would require redundant routes to allows users to maintain their connection in the case of a failed router and the availability of wired connections or duplicate wireless access points, in the case of the failure of a single wireless access point. http://www. answers. com/topic/fault-tolerant http://www. answers. com/topic/distributed-system

Sexism in Football

Gender Discrimination (The Sian Massey Story) On the 22nd of January 2011 female linesman Sian Massey was going to officiate as a linesman in a premier league clash between Liverpool and Wolves. Sky Sports were broadcasting the match on live television,Presenters Andy Gray and Richard Keys were preparing to cover the pre game coverage, when the two named above began to talk about the female linesman Sian Massey and what they thought about her in a very discriminating fashionThe commentators, who apparently believed their microphones were switched off, were recorded. Commenting on Ms Massey, Mr Keys said: ‘Somebody better get down there and explain offside to her. ’ Mr Gray, a former Scottish international footballer, replied: ‘Can you believe that? A female linesman. Women don’t know the offside rule. ’ Mr Keys replied: ‘Course they don’t. I can guarantee you there will be a big one today. Kenny (Liverpool manager Kenny Dalglish) will go potty. This isn’t the first time, is it?Didn’t we have one before? ’ Later in the exchange, Mr Keys said: ‘The game’s gone mad. Did you hear charming Karren Brady this morning complaining about sexism? Do me a favour, love. ’ During the game, which Liverpool won 3-0, Ms Massey angered Wolves by refusing to rule Raul Meireles offside before he set up Liverpool’s first goal. The replay showed that she made the correct decision. When The Mail on Sunday put the transcript to Mr Keys, he said: ‘I have no recollection of that.I have no idea what you are talking about. ‘My recollection is that I wished the young lady all the best. ’ When told a recording existed of the conversation, he said: ‘If you have a tape then you don’t need me to talk to you. It almost makes it worse that they're speaking when the microphones are not on as opposed to when they are on, because [they have] never really had the brass neck t o say it publicly, they would only say it privately. I have heard it and I don't believe it is just banter. Former referee Graham Poll added: â€Å"It must be very difficult for female match officials to progress in men’s football and any who do, do so on merit and should be held up as role models, not subjected to outdated, sexist attitudes †¦ (Sian Massey) is already on the FIFA assistant referees’ list in women’s football and at just 25 that is a magnificent achievement. † Michaela Tabb, a snooker referee who has officiated the World Championship final, said: : â€Å"What they have done there is completely unacceptable because they have not given her her place at all as an official.They are basically doubting her ability. She has obviously passed every exam and whatever qualifications she's had to go through. † England captain Rio Ferdinand said on Twitter: â€Å"I'm all for women refereeing in football, discrimination should not happen in our game at all †¦ prehistoric views if u think otherwise. † Hugh Robertson, the sports minister, commented: â€Å"It is very disappointing to hear these comments at a time when we are trying to get more women participating and officiating in sport, particularly football. The FA released a statement saying: â€Å"The FA has made real strides in encouraging both male and female match officials to enter the game at every level, and will continue to offer every encouragement to all officials within the football family to progress to the highest levels possible. We are proud to have some of the world's best match officials, both male and female Overall the number of female referees in England (Levels 1-8) stands at 853 and climbing, and all of our female match officials act as fantastic ambassadors for the game. They have our wholehearted and continuing support. â€Å"

How To Choose an Immigration Lawyer

How To Choose an Immigration Lawyer Theres a fair bit of paperwork to get done during the immigration process, and you may feel overwhelmed when you first sit down to prepare your immigration forms. You might begin to wonder if you need to hire an immigration lawyer to manage the process. However, if your case is fairly straightforward, you should be able to manage things on your own. There are good reasons, though, to hire an immigration lawyer to handle your case. If you run into a snag partway through the process, you might need legal assistance to work through the issue. If your immigration situation is complicated, or if you simply dont have the time or confidence to prepare the forms yourself, you might benefit from the help of an immigration lawyer. If youre going to hire an immigration lawyer, you need to do your homework. A good lawyer can be worth his or her weight in gold, while a poor one may just add to your problems. Here are 5 tips to keep in mind during your search. Get references. Ask family, friends or colleagues if they know any immigration lawyers. Even if they havent been through immigration themselves, they may be able to connect you with someone they know who has retained the services of an immigration lawyer. People are quick to recommend a good lawyer and even quicker to name a poor one, which can be a great help when youre beginning your search. Search AILA. Search for a lawyer on the American Immigration Lawyers Association (AILA) website. AILA is a national association of lawyers and attorneys who teach and practice immigration law, so you can be reasonably certain youre dealing with someone who understands immigration law and policies. If youre starting your research from scratch, you can search for a lawyer in your area. If youve been given the names of a few lawyers, you can look them up to see if they are members. While membership in AILA is not a requirement to practice immigration law, membership can be a good indication of a lawyers level of commitment to the practice. Interview your short list. Interview potential lawyers to find one who matches your needs. Ask them if they have any experience with your type of case. Immigration law is a huge specialty, so youll want a lawyer who is familiar with your type of case. If the lawyers provide client references, use the contacts to get a better understanding of the lawyers work styles. Compare fee schedules. Some lawyers bill by the hour while others charge a flat fee. Ask if there might be additional costs such as postage, courier fees or long distance charges. Check credentials. When youre sure youve found a lawyer you feel comfortable with, theres only one thing left to do before you sign a contract for services. Contact your local state bar to find out if your lawyer is licensed and in good standing, and if he or she has ever been subject to disciplinary action.

A Brief Look Into The Life of Donald Trump

A Brief Look Into The Life of Donald Trump Regardless of what your political opinion of Donald Trump is, you can’t deny that he has been a very influential figure, in the world of politics. Arguably the most polarizing presidential candidate in history, he’s managed to take that, and use it to propel himself into the Oval Office. The question that everyone keeps asking is how did he do it? How did he get to where he is today? While we can speculate on whether his success was predetermined or earned, one thing we cannot speculate on are the facts.That being said, take a look at the infographic below, detailing a brief history on the life of Donald Trump. Perhaps you’ll be able to identify any patterns or trends that would foreshadow his success, and journey to the Oval Office.  Source:[BusinessInsider]

Five major elements of business strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Five major elements of business strategy - Essay Example The merger between Microsoft and Nokia is no different when it comes to the elements of business strategy between the two companies. Nothing changed between the two companies. Instead, the only objective was to combine the two companies to enable them to grow swiftly in terms of their operations. In as much as the two companies came together for various benefits, their business strategy elements remain the same. Both companies still use the five elements of business strategy in the market (Ireland, 62). The arenas elements entail the areas in which the two companies would be active in the market. In most cases, the decisions regarding the two companies encompass the type of services and products they offer. Alternatively, this element focuses on the market segments, technologies and geographic areas. In the two companies, the Differentiators will most likely be the attributes and the features of the two company’s product and services, which will help the companies compete effectively with their competitors in the market. Alternatively, Vehicles as a business strategy element entails the means at which the companies take part in the targeted arenas whereas staging and pacing entails the timing, moves and speed in the market (Ireland, 64). Lastly, economic logic entails how both Companies will earn their

The Future of Health Care Delivery in Canada Research Paper

The Future of Health Care Delivery in Canada - Research Paper Example Each provincial government delivers health services to the people on its own terms, making the harmonization of the health care delivery system very difficult, which in turn means that it is difficult to coordinate national health programs and as a result, any health challenges goes unaddressed, since each provincial government has to do its own audit. Therefore, this is a significant issue that needs to be addressed, through a possible overhaul of the system, to place healthcare under the responsibility of the national government, and thus achieve more coordination and harmonization of the health services delivered to the people. This will serve to ensure equity and fairness for all in the future. Secondly, the Canadian healthcare delivery system has major imbalances between acute and chronic treatment (Rachlis, 2004). The healthcare system in Canada was established on the basis of providing world-class treatment for major illnesses such as surgeries, while the chronic illnesses hav e been relegated to a level that is deficient (Rachlis, 2004). Consequently, there are few deaths resulting from major illnesses because the health care system is well developed for that, but there are major shortcomings in the area of chronic illnesses, which accounts for much of the lives lost in the country. Therefore, there is a great need for the country’s healthcare system to be developed further for chronic treatment capacities, which will ensure that the imbalance existing between the acute and the chronic treatments is effectively addressed in the future.

Reasons for Investing in Malaysia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reasons for Investing in Malaysia - Essay Example It has long coastlines on both peninsulas. 63.6% of the population is between the ages of 15-64 years. The currency is the ringgit whose value fluctuates seasonally at between 3.3 and 3.8 to the US dollar. Malaysia is a highly stable country. It takes on a Westminster democratic structure of governance with Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin as the ceremonial monarch and head of State. The Prime Minister Mohammed Najib bin Abdul Razak is the current prime minister and head of government. The premier rises to power by virtue of leading the largest party in the lower House of Representatives. In the bicameral representation structure, there is an upper house consisting of 70 Dewan Negara (Senators) and (Dewan Rakyat) the lower house with 222 elected representatives. This structure has ensured stability and continuity. Before British rulers united it, Malaysia consisted of several autonomous states. The British joined them into the Federation of Malaya later to be known as Malaysia. After independence in 1963, there was a brief period of armed conflicts, which came to an end after the renegade state of Singapore was expelled from the federation. Since then, the country has been very stable. The majority of the population is made up of Malays with significant portions of Chinese and Indians. Malay is the official language while Islam is the official religion. However, Islamic law is only applied to the Muslims in matters concerning family and religious issues such as divorce, custody, and inheritance only. (Zainal et al 1994) Another obvious advantage is that the level of bureaucracy in Malaysia, especially when establishing a new business, is low and user-friendly. It takes about two or three licenses to invest depending on the nature of the intended business. Malaysia is classified as a medium developing country.  

La-Mg-Ni Based Alloys

La-Mg-Ni Based Alloys Abstract: Degradation behaviors of La2MgNi9, La1.5Mg0.5Ni7 and La4MgNi19 alloys were studied. The results indicate that severe pulverization and corrosion are important factors leading to the capacity deterioration. However, it is puzzled that corrosion of the electrochemical cycled alloys is aggravated, which is inconsistent with the result that La2MgNi9 present poor cycling stability andalso the assumption that alloy with high Mg content is easy to be corroded. Then, the intrinsic anti-corrosion and anti-pulverization characteristics were mainly focused in the first part of this work. Immersion experiments demonstrate that the Mg-rich phases are more easily to be corroded. The intrinsic anti-corrosion resistance of the three alloys presents an improved trend which is inversely proportional to the abundance of the Mg-rich phases. However, the intrinsic anti-pulverization ability just presents an inverse trend, which is closely related to mechanical property of the phase structures. LaNi5 with the highest hardness is easy to crack, but the soft (La,Mg)Ni2 is more resistant to crack formation and spreading, suggesting a possibility to improve the anti-pulverization ability by adjusting the phase constitution. In general, the weaker corroded extent of La2MgNi9 in the electrochemical test is attributed to its better intrinsic anti-pulverization capability though the intrinsic anti-corrosion of La2MgNi9 is worse. As to La4MgNi19 which possesses excellent intrinsic anti-corrosion resistant, enhancement of the anti-pulverization ability is the key issue to improve the cycling stability. 1 Introduction Superlattice La-Mg-Ni based hydrogen storage alloys have received substantial attentions over the last decade because the excellent electrochemical performances used in nickel/metal hydride (Ni/MH) battery [1-5]. Up to now, A2B7 type alloys have been successful developed for the practical use [3]. However, AB2 and AB3 type alloys present poor cycling stability though the theoretical discharge capacities are higher than A2B7 type alloys [6-8]. In addition, A5B19 type alloys have been reported to possess good electrochemical performances, but they still need improvement to meet the practical application, especially on the cycling stability in the long-term reversible cycles [9-10]. It is well accepted that electrochemical capacity decrease of the metal hydride electrodes is caused by both the physical and chemical degradation [11-12]. In La-Mg-Ni system, factors affecting the capacity degradation were emphasized on pulverization and corrosion during the charge/discharge cyclings [13-17]. Corrosion leads to damage and disappearance of the phases which possess considerable hydrogen storage capacity. It has been reported that La-Mg-Ni alloys are easily to be corroded into La(OH)3 and Mg(OH)2 [13-15]. And these kinds of corrosion products are loose and passive which cannot protect the matrix for further corrosion [15-16]. Severe pulverization of La-Mg-Ni alloys during cycling had also been reported in many works [13-17]. Pulverization makes fresh surface of the electrodes alloys continuously exposed to the electrolyte and dramatically improves development of corrosion. Liu et al. classified the degradation process of the La-Mg-Ni-Co alloy into three stages: the pul verization and Mg oxidation stage, the Mg and La oxidation stage and the oxidation and passivation stage [14]. In addition, capacity degradation of the metal hydrides is closely related to the structural changes during absorption/desorption cycling. Our previous works demonstrated that transformation from crystallinity to amorphous viz. hydrogen induced amorphization (HIA) of La-Mg-Ni alloys occurred during the hydrogenation cycles and remarkably worsens both the gas-solid and electrochemical storage performances [18-19]. Understanding of the degradation mechanisms is the precondition for improvement of the cycling stability of the La-Mg-Ni based alloys. Several compounds including AB2, AB3, A2B7 and A5B19 type phase exist in this system, and the alloys usually present multi-phase microstructure. Though quiet a number of efforts have been applied on the degradation characters of the La-Mg-Ni based alloys, these works mainly focused on the overall capacity deterioration behaviors of the alloys. Diversity of the degradation characteristics of various compounds in this system is also lacking. In the present study, degradation mechanisms of three typical La-Mg-Ni alloys: La2MgNi9, La1.5Mg0.5Ni7 and La4MgNi19 have been systematically investigated. In the first part of this work, corrosion and pulverization behaviors of the alloys, especially the intrinsic characteristics of the AB3, A2B7 and A5B19 type La-Mg-Ni phases during absorption/desorption cycling were generated. In a following paper, HIA and its in fluence on the hydrogen storage properties are discussed. 2 Experimental materials and methods 2.1 Alloy preparation The as-cast La2MgNi9, La1.5Mg0.5Ni7 and La4MgNi19 alloy was prepared by induction levitation melting under argon atmosphere. The as-cast alloys were remelted twice for homogeneity. Appropriate excess of Mg was added in order to compensate for the evaporative loss of Mg during melting. Then the as-cast La2MgNi9, La1.5Mg0.5Ni7 and La4MgNi19 alloys were annealed at 1143, 1173 and 1193 K respectively for 6 h protected in argon atmosphere. 2.2 Characterization The sample was fine polished and then etched using a mixed etchant (including water, ethanol, acetic acid, picric acid, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid) at 343K. Then metallographic microstructure of the alloys was observed using a laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM: Olympus-OLS4000). Phase constitution of the alloys was also characterized by a scanning electron microscopy (SEM: FEI-Qanta 400) under backscatter electron mode (BSE) applied on the unetched samples. The chemical composition of various phases was studied by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) equipped in the SEM. Crystal structures of the alloys were measured by an X-ray diffractometer (XRD: Bruker-D8 Advance) with Cu KÃŽÂ ±1 radiation. Micro-morphologies and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) were applied by means of a transmission electron microscopy (TEM: JEOL-2100 and FEI-F20) to examine the microstructural and crystallographic information. TEM samples were firstly crushed the bulk into fine powder , and then ultrasonic dispersion was performed in ethanol for 1800 s. Several drops of the mixed liquid were laid on a carbon membrane support on the copper grid, and dried in a vacuum oven. Particle size of the cycled alloys was tested by a laser particle size analyzer (Malvern-Mastersizer 3000) where the alloy particles were dispersed by absolute alcohol. Oxygen content of the electrochemical cycled and immersed alloys was performed on a nitrogen/oxygen tester (NCS-ON3000). Before the oxygen test, samples were immersed in deionized water for 24 h, then washed using absolute alcohol twice to remove the residual KOH, and dried in a vacuum drying oven. 2.3 Hydrogen storage properties Gas-solid cycling and PCT isotherm measurement were carried out by Suzuki -2SDWIN PCT system at 303K (Sieverts type). Before the PCT analysis, sample was activated as follow: evacuated at 473 K for 2 h, placed to 303K, hydrogenated under 3Mpa H2 (Purity 99.999%) pressure for 5 h, evacuated at 573 K for 2 h again. Each cycle consists of absorption at 2MPa for 600s and desorption by evacuating at 298K for 1200 s. For the electrochemical measurement, the alloy particles (40-50 µm) were mixed with carbonyl nickel powder in a weight ratio of 1:5 and cold pressed to form a pellet about 1g firstly. The pellets were then packed in a Ni foam substrate spot-welded with a Ni strip. The simulated three-electrode cell including a working electrode (metal hydride), a counter electrode (NiOOH/Ni(OH)2) and a reference electrode (Hg/HgO) was installed. Before electrochemical test, the alloy metal hydride electrode was immersed in 6 M KOH aqueous solution for 1d. The measurement to get the maximum capacity and cycling stability was to charge at current density of 105 mA/g for 4h followed by a rest of 10min, then discharged at the same current density to the cut-off voltage of -0.6 V. 3 Results and discussions 3.1 Microstructure and hydrogen storage performances LSCM and BSE micrographs of the three alloys are shown in Fig.1. Four contrasts can be detected in the La2MgNi9 alloy. The chemical quantitations of various contrast from EDS analysis are listed in Table 1, from which the four phases are speculated to be (La,Mg)Ni2, (La,Mg)Ni3, (La,Mg)2Ni7 and LaNi5. Five crystal structures including CaCu5-type, MgCu4Sn-type, PuNi3-type, Ce2Ni7-type and Gd2Co7-type are identified in XRD profile of the La2MgNi9 alloy, as shown in Fig.2. The structural parameters and phase abundance are refined and listed in Table 2. The results are in consistent with the metallographic observation that the main phase is (La,Mg)Ni3, then (La,Mg)Ni2and (La,Mg)2Ni7, but content of LaNi5 is rare. In case of the La1.5Mg0.5Ni7 and La4MgNi19 alloy, metallographic and XRD characterization indicate that (La,Mg)Ni2disappears, (La,Mg)5Ni19 emerges and LaNi5 increases with elevation of the B-side stoichiometry. The main phase of the La1.5Mg0.5Ni7 and La4MgNi19 alloy is (La,Mg)2Ni7 and (La,Mg)5Ni19 respectively, and the structural parameters and phase abundance are also listed in Table 2. Fig.3 displays P-C-Tcurves of the alloys, and the detailed data are given in Table 3. Theoretically, hydrogenation capability increases with reduction of the B-side stoichiometry in the La-Mg-Ni based alloys. However, the maximum hydrogen absorption content of the La2MgNi9 alloy is slightly lower than the La1.5Mg0.5Ni7 alloy. It is ascribed to the fact that some (La,Mg)Ni2 which can hardly absorb and desorb hydrogen at room temperature [8], existing in the La2MgNi9 alloy. The three alloys have analogic hydrogen absorption plateau. But both the desorption pressure and the reversible hydrogen capacity elevate with increase of the B-side stoichiometry of the three alloys. Reversible hydrogen capacity of the AB3-typed La2MgNi9 alloy is only 1.15 wt%, and the hysteresis effect is more evident than the other alloys. Electrochemical discharge curves and performances of the alloys are shown in Fig.4 and Table 3 respectively. Discharge capacities of the La2MgNi9 and La4MgNi19 alloy are lower than the La1.5Mg0.5Ni7 alloy. The lower discharge capacity of La2MgNi9 is due to the weak reversible hydrogen storage capacity. As to the La4MgNi19 alloy, it is attributed to high abundance of LaNi5 which is unsuited for the electrochemical application without alloying [20]. Furthermore, La1.5Mg0.5Ni7 presents better cycling stability than the other two alloys. Capacity retention after 100 cycles of the La2MgNi9 alloy is similar with that of the La4MgNi19 alloy. 3.2 Degradation characteristics after electrochemical cycling From morphology and EDS results of the alloys, it is clear that pulverization and corrosion have occurred after electrochemical cycling by 100 times (only La2MgNi9 alloy presents in Fig.5). XRD analysis shows that La(OH)3, Mg(OH)2 and La2O3 appear in the cycled alloys, as displayed in Fig.6. Likewise, morphology and SAED analysis of TEM confirm existence of La(OH)3 combined with La2O3 (stick-like), Mg(OH)2 (needle-like) and MgO (particles), which are marked with 1, 2 and 3 respectively as illustrated in Fig.7. The results are in consistent with the other literature studied on the corrosion products of a La1.5Mg0.5Ni7 alloy [21]. Detailed determinations of TEM are provided in the supplementary information (Fig.S1-S3). In addition, size and amount of La(OH)3 and La2O3 are obvious than that of Mg(OH)2 and MgO, indicating that corrosion of La is significant in the electrochemical environment. Mg(OH)2 and MgO are close to the alloy surface but very loose. It agrees well with the previous works that corrosion products of Mg are gel-type and cannot form a solid protection layer for further corrosion [15-16]. Compared among the three alloys, it is noteworthy that corrosion productions of the La2MgNi9alloy are less than the other alloys (see in Fig.6). Identically, oxygen contents of the electrochemical cycled alloys follow the order that La2MgNi9 1.5Mg0.5Ni7 4MgNi19, indicating that the corroded extent are aggravated (see in Fig.8). It is puzzled that the result is inconsistent with the electrochemical performances that La2MgNi9 possesses poor cycling stability. It also disagrees with the consideration that high Mg content is harmful to the corrosion resistance in La-Mg-Ni based alloys [22-24]. In order to comprehend this fact further, the intrinsic anti-corrosion resistance of the three alloys was investigated next. 3.3 The intrinsic anti-corrosion properties To avoid impacts of pulverization on the corrosion behaviors, the alloy particles with the same diameter (around 40 ÃŽÂ ¼m) were immersed in KOH solution at 60  °C for 15 d. Then the morphology, phase structure and oxygen content were measured for characterization of the intrinsic corrosion behaviors. SEM micrographs and EDS analysis of the alloy particles illustrate that severe corrosion occurred after immersion, the typical results are shown in Fig.9 (only La2MgNi9 alloy particles are given here). Compared to the electrochemical cycled alloys, the stick-like products which have been confirmed as composite of La(OH)3 and La2O3, are remarkable in the immersed samples which is due to aggravated corrosion at higher temperature. XRD profiles identify that the corrosion products are mainly La(OH)3, but La2O3 cannot be detected in the immersed alloys, as shown in Fig.10. Coincidently, SAED by TEM found that the stick-shaped phase is single-phase La(OH)3, as shown in Fig.11. The result suggests that La2O3 transforms to La(OH)3 during evolution of the corrosion process. Besides, Mg(OH)2 and MgO are also found existing in the immersed samples, and their morphologies are same with that in the electrochemical cycled alloys. However, Mg(OH)2can only be detected in La2MgNi9 from the identifications of XRD, indicating that corrosion of Mg is violent in La2MgNi9. Fig.12 is the oxygen contents of the immersed alloys, from which severity of corrosion of the three alloys are La2MgNi9 > La1.5Mg0.5Ni7 > La4MgNi19. To provide detailed information of the relationship between the corrosion behaviors and phase constitution, immersion test applied on the massive samples has also been studied (the condition is same with that of the powder samples). Fig.13 shows the SEM-BSE micrographs of the immersed samples (only La1.5Mg0.5Ni7 alloy are present here). Obviously, the corroded extent is inhomogeneous which is considered to be caused by differences of the anti-corrosion capabilities of the various phases. EDS analysis on two regions with diverse corrosion grades (as marked with 1 and 2 in Fig.13) shows no Mg but less O existing in region 1. Whereas, more Mg and O are detected in region 2 with severe corroded extent than region 1. Likewise, EDS-mapping indicates that the region possessing more Mg presents richer O, as shown in Fig.14. Similar result is more evident in the as-cast alloys, which is attributed to the inhomogeneous chemical composition and microstructure of the as-cast alloy, details can b e seen in the supplementary (Fig. S4 and S5). The aforementioned results demonstrate that the Mg-rich phases are easy to be corroded in the alkaline solution. It has been well demonstrated that Mg solubility in La-Mg-Ni alloys follows the order that (La,Mg)Ni2> (La,Mg)Ni3 > (La,Mg)2Ni7 > (La,Mg)5Ni19 > LaNi5 [25]. Thus the intrinsic anti-corrosion resistances of various phases in the La-Mg-Ni system are considered to be according with the inverse trend. This result is in agreement with several works where AB2and AB3 type La-Mg-Ni alloys have suffered serious corrosion after electrochemical experiments [8, 23-24]. The tendency is also exactly identical with that the anti-corrosion resistance is inversely proportional to the abundance of the Mg-rich phases. La2MgNi9 presents worse anti-corrosion capability because contents of the Mg-rich (La,Mg)Ni2and(La,Mg)Ni3 arehigher thanthe other two alloys. However, trend of the intrinsic anti-corrosion resistance is opposite to the corrosion extent of the three alloys after electrochemical cyclings. Concern to the fact that corrosion extent of the electrode alloys is also closely related to severity of pulverization during the electrochemical charge/discharge process, the pulverization properties of the alloys are carefully characterized then. 3.4 The intrinsic anti-pulverization properties In order to avoid influence of the additives in the electrochemical test on characterization of the intrinsic pulverization behaviors, the alloys are gaseous hydrogenated and dehydrogenated for 30 cycles. Morphology observation indicates that remarkable pulverization has occurred where decrease of the particle size and emergence of cracks can be seen clearly in the cycled alloys, as shown in Fig.15 (only La2MgNi9 alloy are present here). Then the particles sizes before (Sb) and after (Sa) cycling are measured and the size retention is calculated by Sb/Sa. It (Fig.16) shows that severity of pulverization for the three alloys are La2MgNi9 1.5Mg0.5Ni7 4MgNi19, which is just contrary to the tendency of the corrosion extent after the immersion experiment. Combined with the results of the intrinsic anti-corrosion and pulverization characterization, we can conclude that the weaker corrosion extent of La2MgNi9 in the electrochemical test is attributed to its better intrinsic anti-pulverization capability though the intrinsic anti-corrosion of La2MgNi9 is worse. It has been well accepted that pulverization is induced by the cell volume expansion upon hydrogen absorption [11-12]. Thus, large volume change leads to severe pulverization. Unfortunately, exact measurement of the volume expansion in the present work is difficult due to the multi-phase microstructure. Instead, we summarize the volume changes according to other experimental works where microstructures of these alloys are all sing-phase to ensure the accuracy as far as possible. Based on the data as listed in Table 4, there is no regular trend for the volume changes among the various structures in La-Mg-Ni system. And, no special relationship between the reported volume expansion data and the pulverization performances in the present work can be found. Besides, pulverization is believed to depend on the mechanical properties of the alloys [11-12]. Alloys with the more ductile character are more resistant to pulverization than the brittle materials. Usually, hydrogen storage alloys ar e hard and brittle, thus measuring ductility directly is difficult. Alternatively, Vickers hardness has been used to evaluate the preference of pulverization for the hydrogen storage alloys. And, previous works have found an almost inverse relationship between Vickers hardness and the pulverization rate [11-12, 30], suggesting the availability of Vickers hardness measurement on characterization of the anti-pulverization ability. Fig.17 gives indentations of the various phases in La2MgNi9 and La1.5Mg0.5Ni7 alloy. Evolution of Vickers hardness can be seen in Fig.18. It presents a linear relation between the Vickers hardness and B-side stoichiometry of the structures, which also agrees well with the pulverization behaviors of the alloys. Obviously, the mechanical property is an important factor affecting the anti-pulverization ability in the La-Mg-Ni phases. It is found that hardness differences of the AB3, A2B7 and A5B19 type phase are small. Under low loading of the hardness test, micro-cracks can hardly be observed in all the above three phases. Since the test force increase, micro-cracks can be seen in all these phases, but there is no obvious difference between them. Differently, LaNi5 is the hard phase, but hardness of (La,Mg)Ni2 is far more lower than the other phases. To comprehend more understanding on the crack formation of various phases, a massive sample with a polished surface was partial charged by electrochemical method, and the morphology and distribution of crack was observed. To highlight character of the hard and soft phase, the as-cast La2MgNi9 alloy was selected for the high abundance of LaNi5 and (La,Mg)Ni2. Microstructure characteristics of the as-cast La2MgNi9 alloy are given in the supplementary (Fig.S6-S7). As shown in Fig.19, quite a number of cracks can be observed in the sample which is only charged for 10 min. Most of the cracks exist in LaNi5 with the darkest contrast in the BSE image. One reason is that LaNi5 is the catalytic phase that primarily charged in the La-Mg-Ni system [31-32]. More importantly, it also ascribes to the brittle character of LaNi5 which agrees well with the above result that the hard phase is easy to crack formation. It is noteworthy that cracks are often stopped in front of (La,Mg)Ni2. Obviously, the soft phase is more resistant to crack formation and able to prevent the crack spreading. Similar result has been reported in other literatures where ductile secondary phases are believed to be beneficial to the cycling stability [33]. According to the above results, we can conclude that La4MgNi19 alloy is easy to pulverization as the high abundance of the hard phases LaNi5 and (La,Mg)5Ni19. As to La2MgNi9, little LaNi5 but existence of the soft (La,Mg)Ni2 and (La,Mg)Ni3 make it more resistant to crack emergence. These findings enlighten a way to improve the anti-pulverization ability by introduction appropriate abundance and distribution of soft secondary phases. 4 Conclusions In the present study, corrosion and pulverization behaviors of three typical La-Mg-Ni alloys: La2MgNi9, La1.5Mg0.5Ni7 and La4MgNi19 have been systematically investigated. All the alloys present multi-phase microstructure with (La,Mg)Ni3, (La,Mg)2Ni7and (La,Mg)5Ni19 as the main phase respectively. La1.5Mg0.5Ni7 possesses better electrochemical properties among the three alloys. It is found that pulverization and corrosion with the main product La(OH)3, combined with La2O3, Mg(OH)2 and MgO, have occurred after the electrochemical cycling. The overall corrosion extent of the electrochemical cycled alloys follow the order that La2MgNi9 1.5Mg0.5Ni7 4MgNi19. Immersion test demonstrate that the Mg-rich phases are easy to be corroded in the alkaline solution. The intrinsic anti-corrosion resistance are found to be La2MgNi9 1.5Mg0.5Ni7 4MgNi19, which is inversely proportional to the abundance of the Mg-rich phases. However, the intrinsic anti-pulverization ability just presents an inverse tre nd that La2MgNi9 > La1.5Mg0.5Ni7 > La4MgNi19. It is found that the mechanical property is an important factor affecting the anti-pulverization ability. Vickers hardness elevates with increase of the B-side stoichiometry of the various phases, which agrees well with the pulverization behaviors of the alloys. Furthermore, LaNi5 with the highest hardness is found to be easy to crack formation, but the soft (La,Mg)Ni2 is more resistant to crack formation and able to prevent the crack spreading. The weaker corrosion extent of La2MgNi9 in the electrochemical test is attributed to its better intrinsic anti-pulverization capability though the intrinsic anti-corrosion of La2MgNi9 is worse. Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to the Natural Science Foundation of China (NO. 51371094) and Natural Science Foundation Application of Inner Mongolia (NO.2014MS0526) for financial support. References [1]J Chen, N Kuriyama, H T Takeshita, H Tanaka, T Sakai, M Haruta. Hydrogen storage alloys with PuNi3-type structure as metal hydride electrodes. Electrochemical and Solid State Letters, 2000, 3: 249-252. [2]T Kohno, H Yoshida, F Kawashima, T Inaba, I Sakai, M Yamamoto, M Kanda. Hydrogen storage properties of new ternary system alloys: La2MgNi9, La5Mg2Ni23, La3MgNi14. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2000, 311: L5-L7. [3]S Yasuoka, Y Magari, T Murata, T Tadayoshi, J Ishida, H Nakamura, T Nohma, K Masaru. Development of high-capacity nickel-metal hydride batteries using superlattice hydrogen-absorbing alloys. Journal of Power Sources, 2006, 156: 662-666. [4]Y F Liu, Y H Cao, L Huang, M X Gao, H G Pan. Rare earth-Mg-Ni-based hydrogen storage alloys as negative electrode materials for Ni/MH batteries. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2011,509: 675-686. [5]J J Liu, S M Han, Y Li, L Zhang, Y M Zhao, S Q Yang, B Z Liu. Phase structure and electrochemical properties of La-Mg-Ni-based hydrogen storage alloys with superlattice structure. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41: 20261-20275. [6]J Guo, D Huang, G X Li, S Y Ma, W L Wei. Effect of La/Mg on the hydrogen storage capacities and electrochemical performances of La-Mg-Ni alloys. Materials Science and Engineering B, 2006, 131: 169-172. [7]B Liao, Y Q Lei, G L Lu, L X Chen, H G Pan, Q D Wang. The electrochemical properties of LaxMg2-xNi9 (x=1.0-2.0) hydrogen storage alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2003, 356-357: 746-749. [8]T Yang, T T Zhai, Z M Yuan, W G Bu, S Xu, Y H Zhang. Hydrogen storage properties of LaMgNi3.6M0.4 (M=Ni, Co, Mn, Cu, Al) alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2014, 617: 29-33. [9]A Fà ©rey, F Cuevas, M Latroche, B Knosp, P Bernar. Elaboration and characterization of magnesium-substituted La5Ni19 hydride forming alloys as active materials for negative electrode in Ni-MH battery. Electrochimica Acta, 2009: 54: 1710-1714. [10]Z Y Liu, X L Yan, N Wang, Y J Chai, D L Hou. Cyclic stability and high rate discharge performance of (La,Mg)5Ni19 multiphase alloy[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2011, 36: 4370-4374. [11]T Sakai, K Oguro, H Miyamura, N Kuriyama, A Kato, H Ishikawa. Some factors affectin the cyble lives of LaNi5-based alloy electrodes of hydrogen batteries. Journal of Less-Common Metals, 1990, 161: 193-202. [12]D Chartouni, F Meli, A Zà ¼ttel, K Gross, L Schlapbach. The influence of cobalt on the electrochemical cycling stability of LaNi5-based hydride forming alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 1996, 241: 160-166. [13]B Liao, Y Q Lei, L X Chen, G L Lu, H G Pan, Q D Wang. Effect of the La/Mg ratio on the structure and electrochemical properties of LaxMg3à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢xNi9 (x=1.6-2.2) hydrogen storage electrode alloys for nickel-metal hydride batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 2004, 129: 358-367. [14]Y F Liu, H G Pan, Y J Yue, X F Wu, N Chen, Y Q Lei. Cycling durability and degradation behavior of La-Mg-Ni-Co-type metal hydride electrodes. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2005, 395: 291-299. [15]X Z Sun, H G Pan, M X Gao, R Li, Y Lin, S Ma. Cycling stability of La-Mg-Ni-Co type hydride electrode with Al. Transaction of Nonferrous Metal Society of China, 2006, 16: 8-12. [16]P Zhang, Y N Liu, J W Zhu, X D Wei, G Yu. Effect of Al and W substitution for Ni on the microstructure and electrochemical properties of La1.3CaMg0.7Ni9-x(Al0.5W0.5)x hydrogen storage alloys. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2007, 32: 2488-2493. [17]Y H Zhang, D L Zhao, B W Li, H P Ren, X P Dong, X L Wang. Cycle stability of La0.7Mg0.3Ni2.55-xCo0.45Cux(x=0-0.4) electrode alloys. Transaction of Nonferrous Metal Society of China, 2007, 17: 816-822. [18]Y M Li, H W Zhang, Y H Zhang, H P Ren. Changes of the crystal struc